目前对慢性乙型肝炎抗病毒治疗仍以HBeAg血清转换作为治疗终点指标之一,实际上达到HBeAg血清转换后,多数血清中仍为HBV-DNA阳性,肝内cccDNA几乎均为阳性。伴有肝硬化者血清HBV-DNA或肝内cccDNA阳性均有合并肝癌的可能性。有人采用干扰素长期治疗(18个月)慢性乙型肝炎60例,血清HBeAg转换率达58%,HBV-DNA血清阴转率达40%,仅血清早期并持续转阴者未发现肝癌,血清转换后血清仍持续或反复阳性者中14%发展为肝癌【11】。在儿童乙型肝炎用干扰素治疗后随访1~4年,甚至出现HBsAg血清转换后,仍有患者血清HBV-DNA仍为阳性,认为可能和其抗-HBs为IgG4有关【12】。34例终末期失代偿性肝硬化患者中34.5%为血清HBeAg阳性,而血清HBV-DNA阳性率为25.8%,但在肝活体组织检查发现均有严重活动性病变,免疫组织化学检测HBsAg均为阳性,HBcAg也大多阳性,所以对这些患者进行抗病毒治疗十分必要【13】。潜隐性HBV感染见于HBsAg血清转换的康复者,肝内仍有少量cccDNA,但很少复制中间体,却仍能发展为肝癌,其中多数合并肝硬化【14,15】。所以对乙型肝炎引起的肝硬化患者,只要有活动性病变存在,就宜进行抗病毒治疗,以防止病情发展或恶化成为肝癌【16】。
2、乙型肝炎的特异免疫治疗是目前大家关注的焦点。核酸类似物治疗后引起HBV-DNA降低和自然康复引起HBV-DNA降低水平相似,但稳定性不同,前者停药后迅速反跳,显然和机体特异免疫功能低下有关。乙型肝炎DNA疫苗在动物体内可引起较强的细胞免疫及体液免疫应答,但在少数HBV携带者临床试验中,虽然可引起特异性免疫应答,但对降低病毒复制的程度并不太理想【17】。采用细胞因子作为佐剂来加强疫苗的免疫作用,己有不少报道【18】。本期报道采用胸腺肽和干扰素的基因为佐剂,证明也可以加强乙型肝炎疫苗的免疫效果,可能有一定的前景。可惜目前尚缺少和人体慢性乙型肝炎相类似的免疫耐受的动物模型,毕竟小鼠的免疫应答和临床情况有很大的差距。关键在于对慢性乙型肝炎患者免疫耐受的机制尚不太了解,有人认为和病毒负荷量过大、树突状细胞抗原呈递作用缺陷【19】、免疫调节细胞功能障碍【20】、干扰素功能障碍等等,究竟哪一个是主要原因?另外比较自然康复和慢性化患者的免疫状态的区别,在于前者常有较强的多特异性的细胞免疫,所以在DNA疫苗的抗原选择和佐剂选择上都有探索的余地。
此外,HBV的基因型对病情预后及治疗效果均有一定影响【21】,我国主要为B型及C型,本期有2篇HBV基因分型的报道,认为我国慢性乙型肝炎肝硬化以C型为主,对聚乙二醇干扰素的疗效以B型为优,有一定临床参考价值。
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